Aftermath

The first feature is the actual structures, there are several structures ingame for you to explore, raid, repair, whatever your heart desires.

The biggest and rarest structure is an Abandoned Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) this plant has a lot of nuclear waste in it as well as chests to steal from.

(Because of the way it generates, you may experience a spike of lag when it's generating. I assure you this is normal, it is a very large structure.)

The next structure on the chopping block is the Diminished Warhead. It's the most common structure, it is a nuclear missile. Just not one that explodes. It is made of a metal known as War Metal, it also is filled with nuclear waste, so if you ever feel like you need some waste, they are good sources.

Thirdly is the Damaged Tower, they are pretty uncommon but are the only place you can get batteries from. Batteries are useful in a specific recipe which I will mention in another spoiler.

You can also find a structure known as the Aftermath Hut. It's as common as the tower above, however, it has different items you may get. You can get nuclear power cells here which are useful in multiple recipes.

Finally, you can find structures you've definitely seen before, such as the witch hut and shipwreck shown in the image below. 

Here are some blocks and their associated types. (Types as in Variations, stuff like stairs, slabs etc.)
First, we have Cement, a new block similar to Concrete, it's an extremely common block you'll find on naturally generated structures.

Secondly, we have Metal, yes. Metal, there are 3 (4 if you include iron blocks) types of Metals; Normal, War and Scrap. Normal metal is used in a few recipes but it's Scrap metal which really takes the cake for use.
Scrap metal will naturally generate underground, if you put it on a crafting table (or stonecutter) you'll get 4 metal scraps. Metal scraps are used in a lot of recipes, so you'll want to keep these.

Thirdly, we have Toxic Waste. Toxic waste is a block that generates in structures if you touch it you'll become radioactive for a short while (unless you wear a hazmat suit), Nuclear Gas also exists, however it doesn't naturally generate anywhere, and it also cannot be crafted. It has weaker effects on you compared to Nuclear Waste. It is solely for people using creative mode.
Here is a small showcase of the Hazmat suit. It has a nice fit and will make you completely immune to the effects of Nuclear Waste and Nuclear Gas. It is crafted using Anti-Radon Fabric. It also just looks plain good.

There's not gonna be much text here, just screenshots.
Yeah, that's all the recipes I will show. There's a lot more but you can figure those out yourself. A little testing and you'll know everything.